CONTEXT

• On June 2, 2025, Mount Etna, Europe’s largest active volcano located in Sicily, Italy, erupted violently.
• A massive ash and smoke plume was visible for several kilometres.
• Despite the intensity, there were no injuries, damages, or major flight disruptions reported.

CONCEPT: UNDERSTANDING MOUNT ETNA & ERUPTION TYPES

• Mount Etna:
  • Located on the east coast of Sicily, near Catania.
  • Highest volcano in Italy south of the Alps.
  • Known for frequent activity – over 60 flank eruptions since 1600.
  • Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2013).
• Eruption Structure:
  • Etna has 5 summit craters and ~300 flank vents.
  • Eruptions can occur at both summit and flanks.
• Types of Eruptions
  • Strombolian Eruption
    • Moderately explosive.
    • Caused by gas bubbles in magma.
    • Releases lava bombs, cinders, and smoke.
  • Plinian Eruption
    • Highly explosive.
    • Throws ash, gas, and debris into the stratosphere.
    • Typically much more destructive and far-reaching.

CURRENT: WHY IT MATTERS NOW?

• Reflects the persistent geological activity in the Mediterranean seismic belt.
• Highlights the diverse nature of volcanic eruptions and challenges in classification.
• Important for:
  • Disaster preparedness.
  • Air traffic risk assessment (volcanic ash disrupts aviation).
  • Geological studies and climate models (volcanic gases influence weather).
• Adds to the ongoing debate on eruption classification standards globally.